Lithium Plating in Li-ion Batteries: Monitoring and Solutions

Lithium plating is a critical degradation mechanism in lithium-ion batteries, posing significant safety risks and accelerating capacity fade. It occurs under fast charging, low temperature, overcharge, and during aging, leading to active lithium loss, electrolyte consumption, gas generation, and potential internal short circuits. This document reviews the thermodynamic and kinetic constraints of lithium plating, emphasizing the need for in-situ detection techniques. Ex-situ methods like cell disassembly are limited; thus, advanced monitoring technologies such as electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), pulse methods, and relaxation analysis are explored. The development of high-precision sensors and intelligent battery management systems is crucial for early warning and safety management. The document aligns with China's 2025 action plan for new energy storage, highlighting refined battery management and multi-dimensional safety technologies. A workflow combining physicochemical methods and modeling is proposed to improve detection reliability and predict battery degradation maps, supporting the long-term reliability of power and energy storage batteries.